LANGUAGE ISSUE IN UKRAINE: CONFLICTS AND WAYS TO RESOLVE THEM

Abstract

The article analyzes key conflicts related to the language issue in Ukraine after 2019, when the status of the Ukrainian language as the state language was systematically strengthened. The legal and sociolinguistic consequences of the adoption of the Law «On Ensuring the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language» (2019) and the subsequent Law «On National Minorities (Communities) of Ukraine» (2022/2023) are studied in the context of European integration requirements and large-scale military aggression of the Russian Federation. Particular attention is paid to geopolitical cases, in particular, disputes with neighboring states – Hungary and Romania, which instrumentalize the language issue to achieve their own political goals. The study shows that the language policy of Ukraine is a complex system that was formed over the centuries under the influence of imperial domination. Modern Ukrainization is a natural response to these historical challenges and is aimed at establishing the Ukrainian language as a key factor in national unity and security. However, this policy should take into account international standards for the protection of national minority rights, which is critical for European integration. The different approaches of neighboring states to Ukrainian language legislation are analyzed: from the harsh and consistently negative reaction of Hungary, which uses the language issue as a lever of pressure, to the more constructive approach of Romania. The recommendations of the Venice Commission are considered, which calls on Ukraine to adhere to the principle of non-discrimination and ensure a balance between the legitimate goal of decolonization and minority rights. Specific strategic mechanisms are proposed to address these problems, in particular: extending the transitional period for the implementation of laws, revising translation requirements, specific cooperation with countries, and studying the experience of European multilingual regions, such as the Basque Country.