ISRAEL MIGRATION POLICIES FOR IMMIGRANTS FROM UKRAINE SINCE 1991 TILL 2023
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32782/humanitas/2023.5.11Keywords:
international migration; adaptation of migrants; integration of immigrants; MIPEX index; ethnic stratification.Abstract
The article systematizes the main indicators of adaptation index components in Israel migration policy towards migrants from Ukraine from 1991 to 2023. It is noted that Israel migration policy includes three main vectors – the policy of assimilation, the policy of differential inclusion and the policy of segregation or complete exclusion – according to three different categories of migrants from Ukraine in Israel – Jewish migrants, non-Jews and non-Jewish refugees. Israel migration policy of assimilation is focused on Ukrainian Jewish migrants, the policy of differential inclusion concerns Ukrainian non-Jewish migrants, and the policy of segregation or total exclusion is carried out by Israel in relation to Ukrainian non-Jewish refugees. It was found that the ethno-national system of the Israeli state encourages the migration of Ukrainian Jews and provides significant state support to the Ukrainian Jewish community, and at the same time complicates, almost makes impossible the likelihood of successful settlement and full integration into Israeli society of Ukrainian non-Jewish migrants. It is analyzed that Jewish migrants have the right to automatic citizenship upon arrival in the country, and also have access to special adaptation programs, including financial assistance during the first year of their stay in Israel, free Hebrew language courses in state centers "ulpan", loans for the purchase real estate, student grants, job search assistance, professional development, and tax support for employers who hire Jewish immigrants. It was found that in relation to non-Jewish migrants, who are not covered by the amendment to the Law of Return, Israel's migration regime is extremely limited and is expressed through two migration policy vectors: the policy of differential inclusion and the policy of segregation. The migration policy of differential inclusion is carried out in relation to non- Jewish Ukrainian labor migrants, and is characterized by open access to the legalized labor market, but strict restrictions on the right to family reunification and refusal to grant the status of long-term residence in the territory of Israel. It was determined that the migration policy of segregation is carried out in relation to Ukrainian and other non-Jewish refugees on the territory of Israel and is characterized by the absence of legislation or targeted state programs to support asylum seekers, as well as the presence of regular deportation measures to treat refugees and semi-legal migrants.
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