ADSORBENTS OBTAINED BY NITRIC ACID INTERCALATION AND ALKALINE ACTIVATION OF ANTHRACITE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32782/pcsd-2025-1-9Keywords:
anthracite, intercalation, alkaline activation, carbon adsorbent, ecotoxicantAbstract
Purpose. Determination of the adsorption properties of carbon adsorbents (CAs) obtained from anthracite by nitric acid intercalation followed alkaline activation. Methodology. Intercalation with the formation of anthracite nitrate was carried out by blowing anthracite with vaporphase HNO3 (57 %) at 140 °C. Activation with the formation of CAs was performed by heating anthracite impregnated with alkali (KOH) up to 800 °C with an isothermal holding of 1 h, cooling, washing from alkali and drying. The CA porosity characteristics were evaluated using low-temperature (77K) nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms (2D-NLDFT-HS method). Adsorption measurements were performed at 25 °C and a constant CA content (1 g/L) in aqueous solutions. Adsorption kinetics data were calculated using pseudo-first and pseudo-second order models and intraparticle diffusion. Adsorption isotherms were approximated by Langmuir and Freundlich models. Originality. For the first time, the adsorption of 4-chlorophenol (CPh), methylene blue dye (MB) and lead cations from aqueous solutions (25 °C) by new adsorbents was investigated. Adsorption equilibrium was found to be reached in 2–4 h depending on the adsorbate. The adsorption kinetics obeys a pseudo-second-order equation. The initial rates increase in the adsorbate series MB < Pb(II) < CPh and differ in magnitude by 49 times. The adsorption rate is limited by the interaction of adsorbates with surface adsorption centers. The adsorption isotherms are better approximated by the Langmuir model than by the Freundlich one. The saturated layer capacities of adsorbates, calculated from the Langmuir model, are the largest in the anthracite nitrate adsorbent, increase in the order Pb(II) < MB < HF and are 1.80 mmol/g, 2.34 mmol/g and 4.90 mmol/g, respectively. The degree of adsorbate extraction increases with decreasing concentration in water and reaches 99.7 % for CPh and 90 % for MB and Pb(II) cations. The efficiency of compound extraction by adsorbents in the first minute is ≤ 4.6 % for MB, ≤ 20.9 % for ≤ 4.6 % for Pb(II) and ≤ 50.7 % for CPh. The obtained characteristics of the adsorption activity of anthracite adsorbents justify their high efficiency in purifying water from ecotoxicants.
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