ALKALI-ACTIVATED LONG-FLAME COAL. NANOPOROUS STRUCTURE AND ABILITY TO ADSORB HEAVY METALS
Keywords:
long-flame coal, alkaline activation, carbon material, lead adsorption, π-sorptionAbstract
Purpose. Study of the reorganizatіng supramolecular and porous structure of long-flame coal with increasing alkaline activation temperature, and assessment of its effect on adsorption activity towards lead cations.Methodology. Carbon materials (CMs) were obtained by heating KOH-impregnated coal to one of the temperatures within 350–825°C, isothermal holding for 1 h, cooling, washing from alkali and drying. The elemental composition was determined by a Carlo Erba 1106 analyzer. The content of acidic functional groups (AFG) was determined by Boehm titration. The spatial structure of CMs was studied by X-ray diffraction. The porosity characteristics of CMs were calculated using low-temperature (77 K) nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms (2D-NLDFT-HS method). Adsorption of Pb(II) cations was measured at 25°C and a constant CM content (1 g/l) in aqueous solutions. Adsorption kinetics were fitted using pseudo-first and pseudo-second order models. Adsorption isotherms were approximated by Langmuir and Freundlich models.Originality. The adsorption activity towards Pb(II) of carbon materials obtained by alkaline activation of long-flame coal at different temperatures at a small KOH/coal ratio (1 g/g) was studied for the first time. The adsorption equilibrium was found to be reached for 2 h, the adsorption kinetics obey the pseudo-second-order model, and the adsorption isotherms are better approximated by the Langmuir model. The adsorption rate is limited by the interaction of cations with surface adsorption centers, rather than diffusion into the porous system. The activation temperature was determined to be a key factor of forming CMs nanoporosity and ability to adsorb Pb(II) cations. With increasing temperature, the adsorption capacities of the cations monolayer, calculated from the Langmuir equation, increase from 0.143 mmol/g to 0.981 mmol/g.The basic processes of Pb(II) adsorption by CMs samples from long-flame coal is established to be ion-exchange reactions (exchange of AFGs protons for Pb(II)) and π-sorption (interaction of Pb(II) with the π-system of coal polyarenes). The contribution of π-sorption was shown to increase with the activation temperature and is dominant (87–91%) in materials obtained at 800–825°C. The sufficiently high capacity for Pb(II) of these CMs allows us to predict their effectiveness in purifying water from other heavy metals.
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